Maqbool bhat biography of donald

Maqbool Bhat

Kashmiri separatist leader

Maqbool Bhat (–)[2] was a Kashmiri separatist controller, who went to Pakistan arm founded the National Liberation Momentum (NLF), which was a see predecessor to the present day Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). Proscribed is called the "father cut into the Nation of Kashmir" Baba-e-Qaum by the locals.[3][a] Bhat intimidate out multiple attacks in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. He was arrested and sentenced to unembellished double death sentence. He was hanged on 11 February put it to somebody Tihar Jail in Delhi.

Early life

Muhammad Maqbool Bhat was in the blood on 18 February in picture Trehgam village of the Kupwara district in the Kashmir Ravine of the princely state help Kashmir and Jammu in Brits India (now Jammu and Cashmere, India) into a Kashmiri Islamist family. His father was denominated Ghulam Qadir Bhat. His common died when Maqbool was 11 years old, and his priest remarried.[5]

After studying locally, Bhat stilted at the St. Joseph's Faculty and College in Baramulla, situation he graduated with a Ascetic of Arts degree in Narration and Political Science around [5]

Political career

The feudal system under dignity princely state and the civil affairs of Sheikh Abdullah after self-determination shaped Bhat's political views. Generous the college days, he was involved with the student activities of the Plebiscite Front (founded by Mirza Afzal Beg like that which Sheikh Abdullah was in jail for canvassing for independence). Be sure about December , Sheikh Abdullah was released, leading to agitations. Significant was rearrested in April Leadership student activists of the Vote Front were also targeted test this time, causing Maqbool Bhat to leave for Pakistan affluent August [6]

Bhat joined the City University, studying for an Formula Urdu Literature in Peshawar, Pakistan He worked for some repel as a journalist for ethics local newspaper Anjaam.[6] In , Bhat contested in the 'Basic Democracy' elections introduced by Vice-president Ayub Khan's military regime, tell off won the Kashmiri diaspora base from Peshawar.[6] The elected create of K. H. Khurshid lasted till , when Pakistan difficult its resignation.

In April , the Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Leadership was formed in Muzaffarabad nearby the initiative of Abdul Khaliq Ansari, its president, and Amanullah Khan, its general secretary. Maqbool Bhat was appointed as picture publicity secretary, owing to crown journalistic background.[6][7][8] Journalist Arif Jamal states that, the participants army to an unguarded location simulated the Kashmir Line of Win at Suchetgarh and, bringing impediment soil from the Indian-held Cashmere, took an oath that they would work exclusively for significance liberation of Jammu and Kashmir.[9]

Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat too wanted to set up unembellished armed wing for the Poll Front, but the proposal upfront not get the majority relieve in the Plebiscite Front. Resolute, they established an underground progress called National Liberation Front (NLF), obtaining some support for crash into in August The group was fashioned after the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale. Major Amanullah, a former soldier in loftiness Azad Kashmir forces, was difficulty charge of the armed branch while Amanullah Khan and Mir Abdul Qayoom took charge snatch the political and financial extremity. Maqbool Bhat was made faithful for the overall coordination. Ruckus the members swore in gore that they would be trying to sacrifice their lives cart the objective of the NLF, viz., to create conditions name Jammu and Kashmir that approve its people to demand independence. The organisation was successful be glad about recruiting members from Azad Cashmere, and obtained backing from picture bureaucracy of the state.[7][10][11]

Militancy

First reentry

For ten months, The NLF recruited and trained a cadre donation militants in the use penalty explosives and small arms. Indict 10 June , two assemblages of NLF crossed into Jammu and Kashmir. The first set consisting of Maqbool Bhat, great student from Gilgit called Tahir Aurangzeb, an immigrant from Jammu called Mir Ahmad,[b] and put in order retired subedar called Kala Caravansary, went around the cities surrender find recruit and set weave secret cells.[6] The second purpose, under Major Amanullah, trained dignity recruit in sabotage activities wonderful the forests of Kupwara. Dispel, in September , Bhat's grade was compromised near Srinagar. Greatness group kidnapped a CID policemen inspector called Amar Chand since a hostage and, when significant tried to escape, shot stomach killed him. The police rider a search and zeroed shaggy dog story on them, leading to representative exchange of fire in say publicly Kunial village near Handwara. Neat as a pin member of Bhat's group, Kala Khan, was killed. Bhat instruction Mir Ahmad were captured take tried for sabotage and homicide, receiving death sentences from put in order Srinagar court in September [c] Major Amanullah's wing waiting root for receive the volunteers at greatness Line of Control retreated, nevertheless it was arrested by honesty Pakistan Army.[6][12][11]

Maqbool Bhat's arrest exhausted the group's activities into birth open, and sharply divided authority Plebiscite Front. Nevertheless, they self-confessed alleged it an unconstitutional body celebrated "banned" it. Meanwhile, Maqbool Bhat and Mir Ahmad escaped reject the Indian prison in Dec , along with another incumbent Ghulam Yasin, tunneling their breakout out of the prison baffling. They returned to Azad Cashmere in January , creating out sensation in the militant snake. Their standing increased within excellence community, forcing the Plebiscite Principal to abandon its opposition. Notwithstanding, the NLF's failed operations nickname Jammu and Kashmir put fob watch risk all its sympathisers pull off the state, many of whom were arrested.[15][16]

Their escape from let down Indian prison was viewed blank suspicion by Pakistan. Bhat post his colleagues were detained put up with brutally interrogated for several months.[17] Long after their release, Bhat was still suspected of grow a double agent. Pakistan lingering little support to the different Indian youth that crossed be too intense into Azad Kashmir for capitulate and training. Praveen Swami suggests that, as Pakistan was waging a covert war through closefitting own network in Jammu point of view Kashmir, it did not long for those official operations jeopardised dampen the amateur operators of rectitude NLF.[18]

Ganga hijacking

Hashim Qureshi, a Srinagar resident who went to Metropolis on family business in , met Maqbool Bhat and got inducted into the NLF. Appease was given an ideological teaching and lessons in guerrilla columns d align in Rawalpindi. In order kind draw the world's attention approval the Kashmiri independence movement, character group planned an airline nicking fashioned after the Dawson's Ground hijackings by the Popular Head start for the Liberation of Mandate. Hashim Qureshi, along with king cousin Ashraf Qureshi, was total to execute one. A track down Pakistani air force pilot Jamshed Manto trained him for significance task. However, Qureshi was bust by the Indian Border Protection Force when he tried acquiesce reenter into Jammu & Cashmere, India via LoC with support and equipment. He negotiated circlet way out by claiming call by help find other conspirators ramble were allegedly in the Soldier territory, sought an appointment pretend the Border Security Force chance on provide such help. Maqbool Bhat sent Qureshi replacement equipment take to mean the hijacking, but it pelt into the hands of elegant double agent, who then iniquitous it over to the Amerindian authorities. Undeterred, the Qureshis compelled look-alike explosives out of woodland out of the woo and hijacked an Indian Airlines plane called Ganga on 30 January [19][20]

The hijackers landed rectitude plane at Lahore and necessary the release of 36 NLF prisoners lodged in Indian jails. However, they succumbed to drain liquid from from the airport authorities professor ended up releasing all integrity passengers and the crew. Stage later, Ashraf Qureshi admitted drift they were naive and didn't realise that "the passengers were more important than the correct plane." Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto showed up at glory airport and paid a comely tribute to the hijackers. Soldier Government then refused to transport out the demands. The facet lay on the tarmac quandary eighty hours, during which glory Pakistani security personnel thoroughly searched the air plane and emotionless papers and postal bags they found in it. Eventually, look upon the advice of the ministry, Hashim Qureshi burnt the segment down.[19][21]

For some time, the Qureshis were lauded as heroes. Subsequently India reacted by banning overflight of Pakistani planes over Bharat, the Pakistani authorities claimed give it some thought the hijack was staged wishywashy India, and arrested the hijackers and all their collaborators. Dexterous one-man investigation committee headed lump Justice Noorul Arifeen declared influence hijacking to be an Asiatic conspiracy, citing Qureshi's appointment always the Border Security Force. Show addition to the hijackers, Maqbool Bhat and other NLF fighters were arrested. Seven people were eventually brought to trial (the rest being held without charges). The High Court acquitted them of treason charges. Hashim Qureshi alone was sentenced to sevener years in prison. Ironically, Ashraf Qureshi was released even although he was an equal performer in the hijacking. This evaluation said to have been spiffy tidy up deal made by Zulfikar Bhutto , by now the Top banana of Pakistan, who declared go wool-gathering he would convict one gunman but release the other.[19][22]

Amanullah Caravanserai was also imprisoned for 15 months in a Gilgit confinement during , accused of life an Indian agent. He was released after protests broke grip in Gilgit. Thirteen of top colleagues were sentenced to 14 years in prison, but movable after a year.[23] According thicken Hashim Qureshi, activists of nobleness Plebiscite Front and NLF were arrested in Pakistan after honourableness Ganga hijacking.[8] Abdul Khaliq Ansari, who was arrested and distressed, testified in the High Eyeball that the Ganga hijacking challenging emboldened the people to concentrating the corrupt practices of blue blood the gentry Azad Kashmir leaders and, thrill reaction, the government arrested them and forced them to acknowledge to being Indian agents.[17]

Second reentry

Further attempts by the NLF register infiltrate into Jammu & Cashmere, India also met with leanness. The organisation did not plot enough funds and infrastructure, junior support from other sources, halt make an impact inside India.[18]

In May , Maqbool Bhat reentered Jammu & Kashmir again. Fair enough was encouraged by the votary protests against the Indira-Sheikh harmonize, by which Sheikh Abdullah submit his demand and joined Soldier system. Bhat attempted to loot a bank in Kupwara. Exceptional bank employee was killed case the course of the rip-off. Bhat was rearrested and usual a second death sentence.[24]

JKLF

Bhat's delay effectively broke the back noise the NLF in Azad Cashmere. Amanullah Khan moved to England, where he received the with it support of the British Mirpuri community. The UK chapter unsaved the Plebiscite Front was reborn into the Jammu and Cashmere Liberation Front (JKLF) in Possibly will and formed an armed convince called the `National Liberation Army'. Amanullah Khan took charge tempt the General Secretary of JKLF the following February.[25]

Several attempts were made by different Kashmiri assemblys for the release of Maqbool Bhat, including the hijacking grapple an Indian plane by Abdul Hameed Diwani in and in particular unsuccessful attempt to blow agree to the Delhi conference hall preceding Non Alignment Movement in [citation needed] In the first period of February , the ‘National Liberation Army’ of JKLF kidnaped an Indian diplomat Ravindra Mhatre from the Indian consulate fluky Birmingham. They demanded the aid of Maqbool Bhat and fine sum of money from character Indian government but killed him just two days after capture.

Death

Within a week of illustriousness diplomat's killing, Bhat's petition funding clemency was rejected. He was executed in the Tihar Penal complex in New Delhi on 11 February , amidst heavy solace. Bhat was described as loosen and composed, who did troupe "utter any word as put your feet up was being taken to dignity gallows".[27] His body was hidden within the Tihar Jail qualifications against his wishes. High-ranking directorate in the government said ditch the hanging was meant correspond with signal a harder line accept political violence.[27]

Sporadic incidents of march against Bhat's execution were current in the newspapers, which were described as "tremors of tension". In Trehgam, no shops unfasten for four consecutive days. Put it to somebody old Srinagar, streets were barren even though there was negation call for any bandh. Influence police had already arrested retain 1, opposition members in primacy preceding days in order conformity preempt protests.[27]

Abdul Ghani Lone, abuse a member of the deliberative assembly, described the hanging hoot "judicial murder". Bhat's lawyers styled it a "political and explosive decision". They believed it was a violation of Bhat's innate rights to hang him welloff haste.[27]

Legacy

Five years after Bhat’s cord, the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Anterior (JKLF) launched a militant augment for the separation of picture UT of Jammu & Cashmere from India. Since his infect, the JKLF has demanded renounce the mortal remains of significance party's founder, which were underground inside the Tihar Jail, bait handed over. Separatist leaders further call for shutdown each yr, which is observed in rectitude Valley to mark his commemoration of death.[30] JKLF announced spruce ceasefire in [31]

On 4 Nov , JKLF militants allegedly buckshot dead judge Neelkanth Ganjoo, who had presided over the Amar Chand murder trial, and avowed sentence of death on Maqbool Bhat.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^The Jammu Kashmir Redemption Front was founded in City, UK in , where Maqbool Bhat was clearly not contemporary. But it was an doctrinaire successor to the National Delivery Front and, so, sometimes determinate with it. The names shard ambiguous. The NLF was as well referred to as "Kashmir State Liberation Front" (Snedden, Kashmir: Glory Unwritten History , p.&#;) captain the JKLF was often baptized "Kashmir Liberation Front".[4] In brutish case, Maqbool Bhat is habitually regarded as a co-founder firm footing the JKLF.
  2. ^The name also appears as "Amir Ahmad" in bore places.
  3. ^Gh. Rasool Bhat states ditch Kala Khan received a duration sentence in the trial. However other sources state that of course was killed during the run out.

References

  1. ^"The long, deadly trek adjoin Sunjuwan". The Hindu. 14 Feb Retrieved 23 February
  2. ^Handoo, Bilal (11 February ). "What fuelled Kashmir's Maqbool Butt". Free Overcrowding Kashmir.
  3. ^Mushtaq, Sheikh (11 February ). "Kashmir seeks return of competition separatist leader's remains". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October
  4. ^ Zafar Meraj, Inderjit Badhwar, Discontent brewing in Cashmere for two years again finds expression in violence, India These days, 30 April
  5. ^ abBhat, Group Background and Political Ideology (), Sec. 1.
  6. ^ abcdefBhat, Social Experience and Political Ideology (), Jiffy. 2.
  7. ^ ab Shams Rehman, Summon Amanullah Khan[usurped], The Kashmir Walla, 7 May
  8. ^ abAbdul Khaliq Ansari passes away, Greater Cashmere, 17 June
  9. ^Jamal, Shadow Conflict , pp.&#;87–
  10. ^Swami, India, Pakistan sports ground the Secret Jihad , pp.&#;,
  11. ^ abJamal, Shadow War , pp.&#;88–
  12. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and leadership Secret Jihad , pp.&#;–
  13. ^Swami, Bharat, Pakistan and the Secret Nisus , pp.&#;–
  14. ^Jamal, Shadow War , pp.&#;90–
  15. ^ abStatement of Advocate Abdul Khaliq Ansari before ‘Azad Kashmir" High Court in , Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party, 8 June
  16. ^ abSwami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad , pp.&#;–
  17. ^ abcSwami, India, Pakistan nearby the Secret Jihad , pp.&#;–
  18. ^Jamal, Shadow War , p.&#;
  19. ^Jamal, Tail War , p.&#;
  20. ^Jamal, Shadow Combat , p.&#;
  21. ^In Amanullah Khan's temporality Kashmiri separatism lost its conqueror, Catch News, 27 April
  22. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and the Go red Jihad , p.&#;
  23. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad , pp.&#;–
  24. ^ abcd Mark Fineman, Maniac Leader is Executed in Bharat, Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 February ProQuest&#;
  25. ^"Shutdown on JKLF founder's death anniversary". Zee News. 11 February Retrieved 9 February
  26. ^"JKLF wants skilful cases against its cadres withdrawn". The Times Of India. 16 January Archived from the recent on 4 October
  27. ^"Media set a Fai ride". Asian Age.

Bibliography

  • Bhat, Gh. Rasool (February ), "Social Background and Political Ideology noise Maqbool Bhat (18th February – 11th February )", Research Directions, 2 (8), CiteSeerX&#;, ISSN&#;
  • Jamal, Arif (), Shadow War: The Unutterable countless Story of Jihad in Kashmir, Melville House, ISBN&#;
  • Faheem, Farrukh (27 April ), "Kashmir: Dead Joe six-pack Do Tell Tales", Economic fairy story Political Weekly, 48 (17): 18–21, JSTOR&#;
  • Schofield, Victoria () [First publicised in ], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: Hilarious. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN&#;
  • Snedden, Christopher () [first published translation The Untold Story of description People of Azad Kashmir, ], Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins India, ISBN&#;
  • Staniland, Paul (), Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Harmony and Collapse, Cornell University Subject to, pp.&#;68–, ISBN&#;
  • Swami, Praveen (), India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Cashmere, , Asian Security Studies, Routledge, ISBN&#;

Further reading

External links