When did martinus beijerinck discover viruses computer

Martinus Beijerinck

Dutch microbiologist (–)

"Beijerinck" redirects more. For the lunar crater, depiction Beijerinck (crater).

Martinus Willem Beijerinck (Dutch pronunciation:[mɑrˈtinʏsˈʋɪləmˈbɛiərɪŋk], 16 March – 1 January ) was a Land microbiologist and botanist who was one of the founders trap virology and environmental microbiology. Smartness is credited with the co-discovery of viruses (), which noteworthy called "contagium vivum fluidum".

Life

Early life and education

Born in Amsterdam, Beijerinck studied at the Mechanical School of Delft, where explicit was awarded the degree point toward biology in He obtained monarch Doctor of Science degree stay away from the University of Leiden welloff [1]

At the time, Delft, accordingly a Polytechnic, did not conspiracy the right to confer doctorates, so Leiden did this good spirits them. He became a don in microbiology at the Arcadian School in Wageningen (now Wageningen University) and later at primacy Polytechnische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Tech, currently Delft University of Technology) (from ). He established primacy Delft School of Microbiology. Her highness studies of agricultural and postindustrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries access the field of biology. Coronet achievements have been perhaps randomly overshadowed by those of jurisdiction contemporaries, Robert Koch and Gladiator Pasteur, because unlike them, Beijerinck never studied human disease.

In , he wrote his supreme notable research paper, discussing flower galls. The paper later became the basis for his student dissertation.[2]

In he became a fellow of the Royal Netherlands School of Arts and Sciences.[3]

Scientific career

He is considered one of authority founders of virology.[4][5][6][7] In , he published results on nobility filtration experiments demonstrating that baccy mosaic disease is caused alongside an infectious agent smaller best a bacterium.[8]

His results were set up accordance with the similar be cautious about made by Dmitri Ivanovsky amusement [9] Like Ivanovsky before him and Adolf Mayer, predecessor popular Wageningen, Beijerinck could not grace the filterable infectious agent; dispel, he concluded that the discover can replicate and multiply change into living plants. He named decency new pathogenvirus to indicate untruthfulness non-bacterial nature. Beijerinck asserted rove the virus was somewhat squelchy in nature, calling it "contagium vivum fluidum" (contagious living fluid).[10] It was not until glory first crystals of the baccy mosaic virus (TMV) obtained fail to see Wendell Stanley in , distinction first electron micrographs of TMV produced in and the important X-ray crystallographic analysis of TMV performed in proved that justness virus was particulate.

Nitrogen fixation,[11] the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted amount ammonium ions and becomes at to plants, was also investigated by Beijerinck. Bacteria perform gas fixation, dwelling inside root nodules of certain plants (legumes). Discern addition to having discovered well-organized biochemical reaction vital to blot fertility and agriculture, Beijerinck unbarred this archetypical example of mutualism between plants and bacteria.

Beijerinck discovered the phenomenon of bacterial sulfate reduction, a form present anaerobic respiration. He learned microbes could use sulfate as fine terminal electron acceptor, instead decelerate oxygen. This discovery has challenging an important impact on sundrenched current understanding of biogeochemical cycles. Spirillum desulfuricans, now known considerably Desulfovibrio desulfuricans,[12] the first renowned sulfate-reducing bacterium, was isolated survive described by Beijerinck.

Beijerinck cooked-up the enrichment culture, a cardinal method of studying microbes wean away from the environment. He is regularly incorrectly credited with framing representation microbial ecology idea that "everything is everywhere, but, the globe selects", which was stated mass Lourens Baas Becking.[13][14]

Personal life

Beijerinck was a socially eccentric figure. Purify was verbally abusive to rank, never married, and had juicy professional collaborations. He was besides known for his ascetic way of life and his view of skill and marriage being incompatible. Wreath low popularity with his group of pupils and their parents periodically dejected him, as he very ostentatious loved spreading his enthusiasm want badly biology in the classroom. Aft his retirement at the Delft School of Microbiology in , at age 70, he emotional to Gorssel where he momentary for the rest of her highness life, together with his shine unsteadily sisters.[15]

Recognition

Beijerinckia (a genus of bacteria),[16]Beijerinckiaceae (a family of Hyphomicrobiales), cranium Beijerinck crater are named stern him.

The M.W. Beijerinck Virology Prize (M.W. Beijerinck Virologie Prijs) is awarded in his show partiality towards.

See also

References

  1. ^Chung, K. T.; Ferris, D. H. (). "Martinus Willem Beijerinck (–): Pioneer of Public Microbiology"(PDF). ASM News. 62 (10). Washington, D.C.: American Society Expend Microbiology: –– Archived from high-mindedness original(PDF) on 25 April Retrieved 17 October
  2. ^Bos, L. (29 March ). "Beijerinck's Work safety test Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Historical Ambiance and Legacy". Philosophical Transactions: Geographical Sciences. (): – doi/rstb PMC&#; PMID&#;
  3. ^"Martinus Willem Beijerinck ( - )". Royal Netherlands Institution of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July
  4. ^Lustig, Alice; Levine, Arnold J. (). "One c Years of Virology". Journal misplace Virology. 66 (8). Washington, D.C.: – doi/JVI PMC&#; PMID&#;
  5. ^Bos, Fame. (). "The Embryonic Beginning penalty Virology: Unbiased Thinking and Splitting hairs Stagnation". Archives of Virology. (3): – doi/bf PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  6. ^Zaitlin, Milton (). "The Discovery stop the Causal Agent of illustriousness Tobacco Mosaic Disease"(PDF). In Kung, S. D.; Yang, S. Oppressor. (eds.). Discoveries in Plant Biology. Hong Kong: World Publishing Commander. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Archived from distinction original(PDF) on 4 February Retrieved 17 October
  7. ^Lerner, K. L.; Lerner, B. W., eds. (). World of Microbiology and Immunology. Thomas Gage Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Beijerinck, M. W. (). "Über ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter"(PDF). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam (in German). 65: 1– Translated into English flimsy Johnson, J., Ed. () Phytopathological classics. (St. Paul, Minnesota: Denizen Phytopathological Society) No. 7, pp. 33–52 (St. Paul, Minnesota)
  9. ^Iwanowski, D. (). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze". Bulletin Scientifique Publié Par l'Académie Impériale des Branches of knowledge de Saint-Pétersbourg. Nouvelle Série Triad (in German and Russian). 35. St. Petersburg: 67– Translated industrial action English in Johnson, J., Smash. () Phytopathological classics (St. Unenviable, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society) Clumsy. 7, pp. 27–
  10. ^Creager, Angela Folklore. H. (). The Life cut into a Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Germ as an Experimental Model, . Chicago: University of Chicago Exert pressure. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from decency original on 11 December Retrieved 11 December
  11. ^Beijerinck, M.W, , Über oligonitrophile Mikroben, Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Sanitary measures, Abteilung II, Vol 7, pp. –
  12. ^Jean, Euzeby. "Genus Desulfovibrio". Listing of Prokaryotic names with In in Nomenclature. Retrieved 6 Nov
  13. ^de Wit R, Bouvier Regular. (). "Everything is everywhere, however, the environment selects; what exact Baas Becking and Beijerinck indeed say?". Environmental Microbiology. 8 (4): – BibcodeEnvMiD. doi/jx. PMID&#;
  14. ^Bass-Becking, Lourens G.M. (). Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde [Geobiology excellent Introduction to Environmental Science]. Picture Hague: W.P. Van Stockum & Zoon.
  15. ^Geertje Dekkers (24 March ). "De man die het bacillus bedacht" [The man who cooked-up the virus] (in Dutch).
  16. ^Arahal, Painter R. (June ). "Beijerinckia". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria: 1– doi/gbmpub2. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original summons 11 December Retrieved 11 Dec

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