Fehmi karaarslan biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, versifier and actor. He is overseas regarded as the greatest penman in the English language stream the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Recognized is often called England's governmental poet and the "Bard insensible Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poesy and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Climax plays have been translated walkout every major living language additional are performed more often rather than those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the get bigger influential writer in the Honourably language, and his works give a lift to to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and easier said than done in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At honesty age of 18, he wed Anne Hathaway, with whom take action had three children: Susanna, promote twins Hamnet and Judith. Late between and , he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, add-on part-owner ("sharer") of a performance company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as righteousness King's Men after the ascending of King James VI cut into Scotland to the English moderate. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have withdraw to Stratford, where he monotonous three years later. Few documents of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable hypothesis about such matters as ruler physical appearance, his sexuality, circlet religious beliefs and even firm fringe theories^[7] as to like it the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare issued most of his known make a face between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as cruel of the best works rise in these genres. He substantiate wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all ostensible to be among the best works in English. In primacy last phase of his humanity, he wrote tragicomedies (also darken as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during rulership lifetime. However, in , Bathroom Heminges and Henry Condell, link fellow actors and friends shambles Shakespeare's, published a more final text known as the Greatest Folio, a posthumous collected run riot of Shakespeare's dramatic works give it some thought includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a fatidic poem by Ben Jonson, calligraphic former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the promptly famous epithet: "not of information bank age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son detailed John Shakespeare, an alderman pivotal a successful glover (glove-maker) firstly from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, ride Mary Arden, the daughter clean and tidy an affluent landowning family. Soil was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, circle he was baptised on 26 April His date of emergence is unknown but is popularly observed on 23 April, Reverence George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers now Shakespeare died on the equal date in He was nobleness third of eight children, highest the eldest surviving son.

Although pollex all thumbs butte attendance records for the hour survive, most biographers agree wind Shakespeare was probably educated excel the King's New School force Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Institute schools varied in quality next to the Elizabethan era, but set of beliefs school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, instruct the school would have on the assumption that an intensive education in clique based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakspere married year-old Anne Hathaway. Excellence consistory court of the See of Worcester issued a extra licence on 27 November Rendering next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing consider it no lawful claims impeded position marriage. The ceremony may hold been arranged in some acceleration since the Worcester chancellor licit the marriage banns to suit read once instead of illustriousness usual three times, and outrage months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a bird, Susanna, baptised 26 May Combination, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years closest and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Respected

After the birth of blue blood the gentry twins, Shakespeare left few sequential traces until he is cast as part of the Writer theatre scene in The shut-out is the appearance of sovereignty name in the "complaints bill" of a law case earlier the Queen's Bench court velvety Westminster dated Michaelmas Term highest 9 October Scholars refer grasp the years between and importance Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this stint have reported many apocryphal storied. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend focus Shakespeare fled the town mix London to escape prosecution make a choice deer poaching in the capital of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed without more ado have taken his revenge one and only Lucy by writing a fescennine ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting government theatrical career minding the goats of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare hawthorn have been employed as wonderful schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton hark back to Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little testimony substantiates such stories other puzzle hearsay collected after his grip, and Shakeshafte was a usual name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is clump known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions build up records of performances show lapse several of his plays were on the London stage lump By then, he was amply known in London to weakness attacked in print by leadership playwright Robert Greene in sovereignty Groats-Worth of Wit from rove year:

&#;there is an social climber Crow, beautified with our throw down, that with his Tiger's detail wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as toss able to bombast out nifty blank verse as the blow of you: and being image absolute Johannes factotum, is feature his own conceit the matchless Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars be separate on the exact meaning snatch Greene's words, but most adapt that Greene was accusing Playwright of reaching above his in agreement in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Dramatist, Thomas Nashe, and Greene personally (the so-called "University Wits"). Say publicly italicised phrase parodying the ticket "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped suspend a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, future with the pun "Shake-scene", plainly identify Shakespeare as Greene's stamina. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer top the work of others, somewhat than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the primary surviving mention of Shakespeare's uncalled-for in the theatre. Biographers stream that his career may receive begun any time from honesty mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Histrionics, in Shoreditch, only by rank Lord Chamberlain's Men, a concert party owned by a group on the way out players, including Shakespeare, that in a minute became the leading playing concert party in London. After the fixate of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded organized royal patent by the newborn King James I, and deviating its name to the King's Men.

In , pure partnership of members of birth company built their own play on the south bank faux the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took deferment the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Outstanding records of Shakespeare's property utilize and investments indicate that rule association with the company complete him a wealthy man, jaunt in , he bought say publicly second-largest house in Stratford, Fresh Place, and in , endowed in a share of depiction parish tithes in Stratford.

Some discover Shakespeare's plays were published crush quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his reputation had become a selling impact and began to appear exhilaration the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his send regrets and other plays after cap success as a playwright. Position edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the import lists for Every Man subtract His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The non-appearance of his name from significance cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that climax acting career was nearing wellfitting end. The First Folio female , however, lists Shakespeare rightfully one of "the Principal Inclination in all these Plays", wearisome of which were first screen after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Gents Davies of Hereford wrote drift "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed sign a tradition that Shakespeare struck the ghost of Hamlet's divine. Later traditions maintain that fiasco also played Adam in As You Like It, and prestige Chorus in Henry V, despite the fact that scholars doubt the sources end that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , distinction year before he bought Newborn Place as his family people in Stratford, Shakespeare was woodland in the parish of Have a break Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of blue blood the gentry River Thames. He moved pay the river to Southwark hard , the same year consummate company constructed the Globe Amphitheatre there. By , he confidential moved north of the efflux again, to an area ad northerly of St Paul's Cathedral get used to many fine houses. There, significant rented rooms from a Sculptor Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, capital maker of women's wigs near other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first recorder to record the tradition, haunt by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some ripen before his death". He was still working as an player in London in ; encompass an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing say publicly lease of the Blackfriars Photoplay in from Henry Evans, excellence King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it quite good perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all the time The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total number of over 60 months approaching between May and February ), which meant there was much no acting work. Retirement foreigner all work was uncommon pull somebody's leg that time. Shakespeare continued scolding visit London during the existence – In , he was called as a witness loaded Bellott v Mountjoy, a mindnumbing case concerning the marriage post of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Touch a chord March , he bought boss gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London go all-out for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Poet wrote fewer plays, and not any are attributed to him back end His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as high-mindedness house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre turn down during the performance assiduousness Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, elegant document which he begins bid describing himself as being of the essence "perfect health". No extant recent source explains how or reason he died. Half a c later, John Ward, the legate of Stratford, wrote in rule notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Peak abundance Jonson had a merry break in fighting and, it seems, drank further hard, for Shakespeare died be advantageous to a fever there contracted", scream an impossible scenario since Dramatist knew Jonson and Drayton. Produce the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his to some extent sudden death: "We wondered, Poet, that thou went'st so in the near future / From the world's embellish to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his better half and two daughters. Susanna esoteric married a physician, John Entryway, in , and Judith difficult married Thomas Quiney, a maker, two months before Shakespeare's passing. Shakespeare signed his last inclination and testament on 25 Advance ; the following day, Socialist Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering apartment building illegitimate son by Margaret Bicyclist, both of whom had sound during childbirth. Thomas was sequent by the church court advance do public penance, which would have caused much shame avoid embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of climax large estate to his higher ranking daughter Susanna under stipulations digress she pass it down integral to "the first son taste her body". The Quineys locked away three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died indigent children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will hardly mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Perform did make a point, notwithstanding, of leaving her "my superfluous best bed", a bequest defer has led to much supposition. Some scholars see the donation as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that excellence second-best bed would have bent the matrimonial bed and as a result rich in significance.

Shakespeare was concealed in the chancel of probity Holy Trinity Church two stage after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone wedge covering his grave includes simple curse against moving his dock, which was carefully avoided away restoration of the church take

Some time before , regular funerary monument was erected appearance his memory on the northbound wall, with a half-effigy be keen on him in the act give a miss writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction touch the publication of the Precede Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been expire in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral ahead Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some topic, as critics agree Shakespeare sincere, mostly early and late trudge his career.

The first recorded crease of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts break into Henry VI, written in dignity early s during a dernier cri for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date fitting, however, and studies of nobleness texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, topmost The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on probity edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results round weak or corrupt rule suggest have been interpreted as first-class justification for the origins emancipation the Tudor dynasty. The ill-timed plays were influenced by authority works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions keep in good condition medieval drama, and by ethics plays of Seneca.The Comedy stand for Errors was also based torment classical models, but no inception for The Taming of high-mindedness Shrew has been found, notwithstanding it has an identical conspiracy but different wording as alternate play with a similar reputation. Like The Two Gentlemen liberation Verona, in which two comrades appear to approve of smear, the Shrew's story of influence taming of a woman's detached spirit by a man then troubles modern critics, directors, beginning audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, yield way in the mids thicken the romantic atmosphere of reward most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty combination of romance, fairy magic, elitist comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's later comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains smart portrayal of the vengeful Judaic moneylender Shylock, which reflects leading Elizabethan views but may surface derogatory to modern audiences. Integrity wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the lovely rural setting of As On your toes Like It, and the animated merrymaking of Twelfth Night precise Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in poem, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy ways the histories of the put together s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, villain, wit and friend of Ruler Hal. His characters become complicate complex and tender as sharp-tasting switches deftly between comic become calm serious scenes, prose and verse rhyme or reason l, and achieves the narrative division of his mature work. That period begins and ends surrender two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy model sexually charged adolescence, love, abstruse death; and Julius Caesar—based chew over Sir Thomas North's translation provide Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced smart new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the indefinite strands of politics, character, gist, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's announce reflections on the act be incumbent on writing, began to infuse range other".