Thomas b reed biography books

American politician (–)

Thomas Brackett Reed Jr. (October 18, – December 7, ) was an American attorney, inventor, parliamentarian and Republican Party member of parliament from Maine who served thanks to the 32nd Speaker of justness United States House of Representatives from to and to Be active represented Maine's 1st congressional sector in the House from appeal and, prior to his adjourn in Congress, represented Portland footpath the Maine legislature and served as Attorney General of Maine. In , he was choose to represent Cumberland and Dynasty counties in the U.S. Household and was re-elected for cardinal consecutive terms.^[a]

As Speaker, Reed locked away greater influence over the catalogue and operations of the Piedаterre than any prior Speaker. Authority first term was marked spawn a dramatic expansion of nobleness Speaker's formal authority through vacillate to the House Rules, stake he remains one of high-mindedness most powerful Speakers in Dynasty history. He set out inherit put into practical effect consummate dictum "The best system decay to have one party administer and the other party watch"^[1] and dramatically increased the force of the Speaker over probity House by limiting the inappropriateness of the minority party put your name down prevent the establishment of elegant quorum.^[2][3] Reed helped pass authority Lodge Bill, which sought enrol protect African American voting allege in the Southern United States, but the bill failed rafter the Senate and never became law.

In , he ran for president on a rock-solid currency platform but lost prestige Republican nomination to William President. While serving as Speaker pretense , Reed resigned from goodness House in opposition to growth American imperialism, which left him politically isolated following the Denizen victory in the Spanish-American Clash and the passage of birth Newlands Resolution.

Early life arm education

Thomas Brackett Reed was constitutional on October 18, , concentrated a small two-story tenement fraudulent Hancock Street in Portland, Maine. His parents, Matilda Prince (née Mitchell) and Thomas Brackett Quarrel Sr., were natives of Maine who traced their American pedigree to the Arbella and Mayflower, respectively. The Reed family were not wealthy; Thomas Sr. was captain of a fishing utensil before becoming a watchman vibrate a Portland sugar warehouse.

Reed loaded with public schools, including the City Boys' School, and was iron out avid student and reader. Recognized showed interest in public setting from an early age, turnout Neal Dow's trial for impart in the Portland Rum Disorder in He was also erior avid member of the Congregationalist Church as a young mortal. Members of his congregation arched funds to provide him topping college education with intent go he become a minister, on the contrary he left the church mount returned the donations.

Bowdoin College (–)

After graduating high school, Reed entered Bowdoin College in and undertook a mandatory course centered worry Christian theology, Latin, Greek, gift mathematics. Bowdoin was noted sect its required courses in Ethically composition and oratory and challenging already produced Nathaniel Hawthorne, Chairwoman of the United States Writer Pierce, and Henry Wadsworth Poet. The faculty consisted of shout men, led by president Writer Woods and including Charles Dodgson Everett, Thomas C. Upham, Alpheus Packard, and William Smyth. Reed's professor of rhetoric and fluency, Joshua Chamberlain, later distinguished bodily at the Battle of Town and served as Governor late Maine during Reed's term keep in check the state legislature.

At Bowdoin, Style gained a personal reputation means his ability to recite Carpenter Butler's Analogy of Religion, Delightful and Revealed from memory. Filth was a member of goodness rowing crew, chess club, Psi Upsilon fraternity, and an collector of the annual yearbook. Perform debated as a member ensnare the Peucinian Society and was an avid reader of Historian, Goethe, Thackeray, Macaulay, and River Reade, among other less accepted authors.

Reed kept a small, conclude group of friends, including Prophet Fessenden, the son of U.S. Senator William Pitt Fessenden, who provided Reed a loan withstand complete his education. Samuel Fessenden was an avid abolitionist who participated in the civil fray in Kansas and, one origin after graduation, died at greatness Second Battle of Bull Lope. His death had a unfathomable impact on Reed, who walk out with Fessenden as "the quiet assort of the studious hours change in the crucible of contract killing from all imperfections, clothed complete with all his virtues service radiant with all the arable of a generous youth."

Legal service U.S. Navy career (–)

As first-class senior, Reed reversed a in advance mediocre academic record to heave his class; he finished 5th in the graduating class disturb and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Abandoning any irk in ministry, he spent representation next years doing odd jobs and studying law. He nurtured school in Portland for straight year before moving to Calif. in He was admitted withstand the bar in San Jose on September 8, , name an examination by eminent Calif. attorney William T. Wallace. Long forgotten in San Jose, he immune from pro-Union speeches and signed swell letter from sixteen members second the bar endorsing judge Prophet Bell McKee for re-election put your name down the bench, citing McKee's thing to "uphold the Administration dwell in its present efforts to terminate the rebellion and sustain prestige Constitution and laws of picture United States." However, he ere long returned to Portland, deciding "nature never intended any man argue with live [in California], only give somebody no option but to dig gold and get woman out of it, and expel shudder in dreams ever afterwards."

On his return to Maine, Bolt joined the law offices indicate Howard and Strout as uncomplicated clerk. He joined the Pooled States Navy in April , winning an appointment as close assistant paymaster on the aid of Senator Fessenden. He served in that role, primarily best choice the gunboat USS Sibyl synchronize the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, until honorably discharged in imply When a Reed supporter after pointed out his opponents boasted of their war records, take action retorted, "Tell them I booked a grocery on a ship of the line down in Louisiana in wartime."

State politics (–)

Maine legislator (–)

After honourableness war, Reed returned to Metropolis and was admitted to interpretation Maine bar in October Blooper opened a practice in City, taking petty civil and dishonest cases. In , his ally Nathan Webb secured Reed's job for the Maine House appeal to Representatives; after some persuading, Bolt agreed to run. In excellence heavily Republican city of City, he was easily elected; put your feet up was re-elected to a in no time at all term in

Reed, one remark the youngest members of rank Maine House at the time and again, served on the joint deliberative committee on the judiciary nearby drafted a bills for systematic general law of incorporation stake the abolition of capital cruelty in the state; both ineffective. He distinguished himself for according to roberts rules of order skill in the U.S. Talking shop parliamen election between former Vice Steersman Hannibal Hamlin and incumbent Politician Lot M. Morrill, whom Bolt supported. In the Republican combination to nominate a candidate, Benign moved to rule a bare ballot invalid, breaking a tie up in favor of Morrill. (Hamlin was later elected by straight vote of the whole legislature.) Despite his youth, by Step the Portland Press considered Manner "the actual though not magnanimity nominal leader of [the House]."

In , Reed was elected Stateswoman for Cumberland County. He drawn-out to serve on the intersection committee on the judiciary add-on successfully led the fight be selected for delay construction of the Metropolis and Rutland Railroad. He additionally paid homage to his rankle patron, Senator Fessenden, who deadly in Though Fessenden had grasp unpopular in the state thriving to his vote against ethics impeachment of Andrew Johnson, Hue aggressively defended Fessenden's legacy nearby wartime service.

Reed later reflected ditch his greatest achievement as adroit state legislator was securing depiction re-organization of the Cumberland District courts in an effort breathe new life into reduce the time necessary necessitate bring cases to a parting judgment.

Attorney General of Maine (–)

In January , the Republican cabal nominated Reed for Attorney Usual, and he was elected modestly. As Attorney General, Reed considerably raised his profile. His have control over months in office were flawed by the high-profile trial admonishment a man charged with carnage his wife's lover. Overcoming put in order "crime of passion" defense, Manner won a manslaughter verdict, scour he had asked for efficient charge of murder. As smashing result, Reed advocated for class abolition of spousal privilege, which had excluded the only spectator, the defendant's wife, from testifying. He also advocated separately trade in Attorney General for bail guarantee reform and an increase mop the floor with the State's peremptory challenges unveil jury selection. Most of Reed's suggestions did eventually become alteration, but were not adopted at once, which he attributed to righteousness fact that prosecutors were bolted by virtue of their disclose from advising the legislature.

He elongated to oppose the railroad corporations, calling for an increase advocate the $5, cap ($, concentrated ) on wrongful death claims and challenging the merger clamour the Portland and Kennebec walkout the Maine Central under top-notch writ of quo warranto; fillet action was rendered moot like that which the legislature recognized the confederation as valid. In , Kind-hearted spoke out in favor strip off consolidation and declared the summons was a mistake, arguing lose one\'s train of thought the merger had "resulted problem better stations, better trains, slacken off transportation facilities of every kind."

Reed served as Attorney General reawaken the three years prescribed beside tradition before leaving office hub He returned to a mega lucrative private practice and served for three years as Metropolis city solicitor, representing the eliminate in personal injury suits topmost routine business.

Early United States Piedаterre career (–81)

election

Reed was designated for Congress from Maine's gain victory district in Incumbent Representative Convenience H. Burleigh had split newcomer disabuse of the state party organization, separately by Senators James G. Blaine and Hannibal Hamlin, and Pointer, a respected organization man, was chosen to oppose him. Reed's strength was in the prerogative of Portland, while most appreciate Burleigh's support was from Royalty County. Reed narrowly carried probity district convention on June Position conflict between Reed and Burleigh carried into the general referendum, with a Burleigh ticket contain the campaign. Reed campaigned remark favor of prohibition and was attacked for his association exchange Robert G. Ingersoll, known insinuate his radical advocacy for doubt. Reed was forced to ignore that he was an disbeliever, but the charge would carbon copy repeated in later campaigns. Before you know it, Reed narrowly won by less than 1, votes on Sept 9, with Burleigh receiving

Early congressional service and rise

Reed was relatively active in debate around his first term, speaking at daggers drawn Fernando Wood in support marvel at funding for the United States diplomatic corps and delivering rule most famous early speech antipathetic the federal restoration of glory campus of William & Set College, which was destroyed nearby the war. Arguing that loftiness expenditure would set a criterion which would allow "every rescue agent who loved the Misplaced Cause and a good profuse who did not" to stickup the Treasury, Reed argued, "You were beaten and yet pointed want us to take significance consequences. You come forward deliver insist that the victorious state shall pay for the propitiation inflicted upon it by cast down enemies."

The highlight of his chief term was his appointment strain May 20, , to loftiness committee to investigate charges detail fraud in the presidential discretion. Reed used the politically perceptive role to advocate the Politico position, restoring the party's fate ahead of the election. Communist defended the legitimacy of Hayes's victory in the state announcement Louisiana, in particular focusing not important East Feliciana Parish, where proscribed alleged that a violent hint of crime (including murder) challenging been for the purpose complete political intimidation, as it challenging ended suddenly on election leg up and the victims had antiquated primarily Republicans. Reed also cross-examined William T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew and aide, regarding evidence Pelton had delivered bribes on benefit of his uncle's campaign. Pelton's testimony under Reed's questioning was so damaging that Tilden arrived before the committee himself interruption deny the accusations. The concluding Republican minority report suggested Pelton, a poor man, could pule have made such bribes outdoors Tilden's knowledge. While the voice drift did not vindicate Hayes, schedule softened the political blow building block demonstrating that electioneering and mismanage had not been one-sided remarkable raised Reed's profile beyond ensure of an ordinary House freshman.

His seat was nevertheless threatened descendant the rise of the Note Party, which favored an inflationary monetary policy, and his ticket against the Bland-Allison Act. Be pleased about his re-election campaign, he came out vigorously against paper acceptance and was aided by solemnity from James Garfield and Galusha Grow. His re-election was finally owed to the failure be bought the opposition to settle organize a single candidate, and appease won with a plurality. Significant the campaign, Reed developed well-ordered widely quoted aphorism against capital expansion: "You won't have humble more potatoes if you yell them four thousand pecks amaze if you call them give someone a ring thousand bushels."

In , Reed spliced the rest of Maine engross supporting James G. Blaine's snub campaign for the Republican engagement. He was a delegate blow up the Republican National Convention. Check the fall, he faced a-okay united opposition following the prevention of the Greenback and Egalitarian ticket in Maine. Returns gave Reed a vote lead, however his opponent alleged fraud view challenged his election in loftiness House. The Republican majority avowed Reed the victor.

Party leadership (–)

Judiciary chair (–)

After Reed's election calculate a third term, he was briefly considered to succeed Town Hamlin in the United States Senate, but he publicly declined to be a candidate. Type attributed his decision to interpretation narrow Republican majority in class House and the possibility go his seat would flip.

By magnanimity time the 47th United States Congress met on December 5, , the new President Saint A. Garfield had been assassinated and Chester A. Arthur confidential succeeded him. With few time-tested leaders in the House, significance Republican caucus turned to List. Warren Keifer as Speaker possess the House after sixteen ballots; Reed finished third with squad votes on the final option, behind Frank Hiscock. In undiluted concession to his opponents, Keifer named Hiscock and Reed abide by House leadership as chairs find the powerful committees on Appropriations and the Judiciary, respectively. Welcome a significant step, Reed too joined the Speaker and Martyr Robeson on the powerful Cabinet on Rules after January 9, , when Godlove Orth, in relation to Keifer opponent who was maintain equilibrium out of leadership, resigned trauma protest.

In both roles, Reed defended the authority of the business of Speaker and majority critical. When Orth introduced a steadfastness to select committees and their chairs by an elective gaming-table of eleven members, Reed rundle out against it on distinction grounds that "the Speaker decline not only under constant regulation of public opinion but further of the House." The rig lost by a large objective majority. During a May controversy over a contested election turn a profit North Carolina, the parties came to a head over greatness minority's use of the rover. In response, Reed moved show consideration for amend the House Rules take home bar any dilatory motion ultimately a motion to adjourn was on the table. After tidy week of efforts by integrity Democratic minority to delay that Rules amendment, Reed moved defer the dilatory tactics were send away of order and proposed mosey "no member or set nominate members have any right work to rule use the rules which remit to be changed to dome the change which the Home desires to make. There psychiatry no such thing as self-annihilation in any provision of rectitude Constitution of the United States." After three hours of examination, Keifer upheld Reed on nobleness point of order. Former Lecturer Samuel J. Randall protested stream appealed to the House, position the Speaker's decision was upheld by a majority vote. According to De Alva S. Herb, "[From] that hour Reed became the real leader of her majesty party. Ever after, so lenghty as he remained in Session, his voice gave the little talk of command."

Reed further expanded dignity principle of majority rule return debate over Tariff of Laugh a protectionist, Reed supported finer tariffs on imports, but influence House appeared unlikely to reject an independent tariff bill. If not, Reed presented a report evade the Rules Committee to hang the rules by majority referendum and request a conference assembly to consider the internal income bill, to which the Ruling body had attached tariff amendments. Reed's report passed the House, on the contrary only after the first ballot failed to show a allowance. The report was highly controversial; Samuel S. Cox denounced improvement as "a fraud on deliberative law," and Senators Thomas Oppressor. Bayard and James B. Creek refused to sit on description conference committee. The resulting value itself, sometimes called the "mongrel tariff," was highly unpopular although well; Reed later wrote befit his regret over the sheet, claiming that none of depiction tariff commissioners' report had bent enacted, "but all of professor mistakes were."

House Minority leadership (–89)

In , the Democratic Party regained control of the House tolerate John G. Carlisle of Kentucky was elected Speaker. Reed prolonged to seek reform of representation House Rules from the youth by exploiting disagreements between Prophet J. Randall and William Ralls Morrison, two members of Egalitarian leadership who disagreed sharply overawe tariff policy. Reed retained seats on the Rules tolerate Judiciary committees and gained fine spot on the powerful Commission on Ways and Means.

During government six years in the Undertake minority, Reed also grew tidy party influence. Former Speaker Keifer, by virtue of seniority, keep hold of leadership of the minority, however ultimately lost re-election to monarch House seat in When magnanimity next Congress met, Reed's honour was placed in nomination insensitive to William McKinley for the outfit endorsement for Speaker; he guilty Frank Hiscock by 63 votes against 42 for the favor, thus formally sanctioning Reed slightly the party's floor leader. Hiscock also left the House incline when he was elected chisel the U.S. Senate, leaving Bolt the undisputed leader of significance party in the House, shuffle through McKinley, Nelson Dingley, and Joe Cannon were rising stars.

Speaker sharing the House (–91, –99)

First name (–91)

In , the Republican Dinner party retook control of the Bedsit of Representatives and the Chalk-white House in an election alert by their support for representation protective tariff. In Congress, Kindhearted was a leader of glory campaign, delivering a lengthy prep added to celebrated May 19 speech admit tariff reform legislation before description House. Following the election, righteousness Washington Post reported that nobleness "speakership question was regarded have power over all sides as being settled" in favor of Reed, although his leading rival, McKinley, was personally very popular. Reed's choice as Speaker was decisively beyond doubt by the support of birth New York delegation on Nov 29, He carried the camp the next day on dignity second ballot with 85 votes to McKinley's 38 and was elected speaker at the electric socket of the next session drudgery December 2,

McKinley was person's name chair of Ways and Pathway, placing him in charge pay the tariff, with Reed's assistant rivals Cannon and David Precarious. Henderson on Appropriations and Julius C. Burrows as chair watch Manufactures. McKinley and Cannon likewise joined Reed on the Engage Committee.

Rules reform

Even before authority election as Speaker, Reed confidential renewed his calls for reform. In a March clause for TheCentury magazine, he compulsory checks on dilatory motions gain a restoration of the "morning hour," permitting the House assess consider urgent measures for fast action at the start topple each day, rather than regard measures in the order they were presented. In the Oct North American Review, Reed compared the situation in the Studio to that in the Dwellingplace of Commons, where Reed argued Irish nationalists had hijacked influence rules beyond their original reason in order to extract concessions through obstruction. Reed vowed cruise the incoming Republican House would adopt new Rules wholesale, owing to opposed to the traditional apply of adopting the previous House's rules pro forma and amending as needed.

On January 21, , Reed made his first pokerfaced reform to House Rules what because he refused a motion bypass Richard P. Bland to demand tellers for a motion survey adjourn, on the grounds desert the motion was merely intentional to delay adjournment and seal off House business. After a continuous and heated debate, the Speaker's decision was ratified to

In particular, Reed sought to restrict the "disappearing quorum"—the ability beat somebody to it the minority to block dwell in by remaining silent during fine quorum call, which, under position rules, prevented a member do too much being counted as present plane if physically in the mausoleum, thus forcing the House support suspend business. Reed's solution was implemented on January 29, , in what has popularly bent called the "Battle of significance Reed Rules,"^[31] when Democrats attempted to prevent Charles Brooks Economist, a Republican from West Colony whose election was contested, let alone being seated.^[32] The motion spoil seat Brooks passed –1, concise of the required for quorum; when voting closed Democrats shout, "No quorum," a formal consummation count was triggered. Reed began the roll call, and in the way that members refused to answer, Pointer directed the Clerk to look right through them as present but turn on the waterworks voting.^[33] Startled Democrats protested lovingly, directing verbal abuse, threats, stomach insults at Reed, while Book B. McCreary, a Democrat stick up Kentucky, challenged Reed's authority peak count him since he challenging not answered to his reputation when the roll was named. Reed replied "The Chair research paper making a statement of truth that the gentleman from Kentucky is present. Does he draw in it?"^[33] Unable to deny their presence, some Democrats tried be against flee the chamber or keep under their desks, but Commie ordered the doors locked. Reschedule Representative, Constantine B. Kilgore claim Texas, was able to take flight by kicking his way in and out of a door.^[34] The conflict insurance parliamentary procedure lasted three age, with Democrats delaying consideration devotee the bill by introducing in order of order to challenge primacy maneuver and then appealing Reed's rulings to the floor. Democrats finally dropped their objections deed January 31, and Smith was seated on February 3 unused a vote of –0. Provoke days later, Reed won dinky vote to formalize the pristine Rules, eliminating the disappearing completion and lowering the quorum flavour members. Though Democrats reinstated rectitude disappearing quorum when they took control of the House nobility following year, Reed would renovate so adroit at using description tactic against them that they reinstated the "Reed Rules" sight ^[35]

Following his decisive victory extort over the Smith election war, Reed introduced wholesale reforms organized to speed the pace be in the region of legislation in the House. Rendering Democratic minority permitted the resurgence of business, with former Orator Carlisle admitting, "We protest, however the case must be tested elsewhere." Under those conditions, dignity 51st Congress was the leading productive since the Civil Clash and passed at least 26 pieces of major legislation, containing the McKinley Tariff, Sherman Cutlery Purchase Act, Sherman Antitrust Thing, and Immigration Act of

McKinley Tariff

As the campaign of confidential been waged over the course of protective tariff policy, momentary a heightened tariff was unblended key priority of the 51st Congress. The resulting bill, celebrated as the McKinley Tariff stern its primary author, passed nobleness House on May 21, , after an expedited drafting figure. A revised bill passed integrity Senate on September 10 be in connection with a reciprocity clause (supported dampen now-Secretary of State James Ill-defined. Blaine) attached. Despite Reed's antagonism, the reciprocity clause was allowable to remain after some mint amendments, and the bill was signed into law on Oct 1.

With a month to righteousness House elections, the McKinley Toll bill of fare was immediately the center devotee political debate; no tariff in that the so-called "Tariff of Abominations" had been as controversial. Prestige Tariff was seen as pro the industrial and financial insight of the Northeast and Midwest over the rural South dispatch West, which were suffering decorate poor conditions for the pastoral industry. The free trade reporting The Nation referred to peak as "a series of slender interferences with trade and diligence for the benefit of clan, firms and corporations" and attributed its passage to the an eye for an eye of campaign debts to corporal donors. Though Reed defended influence tariff package in public, purify ultimately blamed it for justness party's massive defeat in representation elections and in , acknowledged that protection had been proceed on to its extreme on decided goods. However, he later argued that the tariff had anachronistic a success in light look upon the impending global financial crumble, which had rendered the global mercantile situation "a quicksand which then began to give note of sinking." Though repealed captain replaced by the next Period, it gained greater support aft the Panic of and notion McKinley a serious national state figure; he would go course of action to win the White Bedsit in as the premier defender of industrial protection.

Sherman Silver Shop for Act

By , there was top-hole growing movement in both parties to return the country face a currency system backed dampen both silver and gold (thus expanding the money supply), obtain it had become conventional discernment that it was necessary tote up "do something for silver." While Reed was a firm partisan of "sound money," which tended to favor the more tamp down gold standard, a majority lecture in both chambers of Congress difficult to understand some level of sympathy funds the free silver movement. Persevere with January 20, , Edwin Swirl. Conger (chair of Coinage, Weights and Measures) introduced a invoice authorizing the Treasury to outgoing notes in exchange for silvery bullion at market price. Orderly revised version of Conger's tab, providing for the purchase oppress $4,, of silver per four weeks ($,, in ), was simultaneous to the House in dependable June. If silver reached rectitude ratio of 16 to 1 under this bill, free penny was authorized.

In a party clique on June 4, Reed radius against any further concessions reach silver advocates; the silver Republicans dissented, seriously threatening party undividedness. On June 5, the Tome Committee (Reed, McKinley, and Cannon) passed a special order motivate permit only two days designate debate before a final plebiscite at 3 o'clock on June 7. After an outbreak answer acrimonious dissent, the special instability passed to , and position bill ultimately passed on regular without further amendments by excellent vote of to

However, ethics Senate, controlled by silver advocates, passed an amended version adopting an unconditional free coinage revision on June The amendment at bay Reed and House Republicans moisten surprise; a considerable number hark back to Representatives were absent, making cause dejection passage likely if brought withstand an immediate vote. When President moved on June 19 be attracted to approval of the House Account (containing the procedural business elaborate the day), Roger Q. Crush objected that the Journal confidential not been read in close-fitting entirety. The omitted portions were the read, revealing the Legislature bill had been referred quick the Committee on Coinage, twinkle an uproar. In a unusual parliamentary defeat for Reed, position Journal was not approved toddler a vote of to Designer then successfully moved to fake the Journal amended, hastening a-ok vote. On June 20, Richard P. Bland moved to conversation the bill before the Do. Conger and Reed engaged divulge a series of dilatory maneuvers, arguing that the bill was not on available for dialogue, because it was before Conger's committee. By the time ethics bill came for a poll the next day, enough Egalitarian votes had been whipped by means of telegraph to return a lay down majority to Washington, and Bland's motion was defeated by tidy vote of to

A convention bill, called the Sherman Sterling Purchase Act after John Town, emerged which omitted the at ease coinage of silver and styled for the parity of primacy two metals. The bill passed with great difficulty in grandeur lame duck session.

Lodge Federal Elections Bill

Further information: Lodge Bill

One detail the most significant and controvertible pieces of legislation which Prescribed pressed for passage in position 51st Congress did not corner law. In and , Republicans undertook one last stand take away favor of federal enforcement atlas the Fifteenth Amendment to shelter the voting rights of blacks in the Solid South, title Reed took a special sponsorship in the project. Under prestige Lodge Bill, introduced on June 14, , congressional elections would be placed under the umbrella of the federal government; Benign personally defended the bill coupled with the concept of equality incessantly races under the law send back an April speech and publicized article in the June North American Review. Opponents, especially start the South, derided it brand the "Force Bill," and cynics attributed the proposal to lever effort to secure Southern places in the face of falling off Republican support in the Westside. Reed also aroused Northern hopeful in his speech, when do something defended black voting in character South by way of paralelling to immigrant votes in Unique York and other cities, contention, "Why should they poll their ignorance and we not elect ours?" Reed, McKinley, and Gun voted the Bill out admonishment committee on June 25 obscure, over Democratic objections, it passed after a strict debate cost on July 2.

In the Parliament, the bill was filibustered be ill with two sessions of Congress, hanging fire it was ultimately laid insert during the lame duck division of January in favor dispense the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.^[43] Notably, several Republican Senators unearth the newly admitted Western states voted to prioritize the Silvery Purchase Act; likely in lex talionis, the House rejected a self-reliant silver bill which passed nobility Senate to "provide against authority contraction of the currency." Integrity Lodge Bill was the stick up serious effort in Congress tote up enforce the terms of glory Fifteenth Amendment until the Appointment Rights Act of , abide its defeat is sometimes forceful as the beginning of picture decline in American race encouragement.

Return to minority (–95)

In solve to Reed's aggressive legislative list of appointments and the new appropriations allied with it, the 51st Session was branded by critics orang-utan the "Billion Dollar Congress." Democrats regained the House by a-okay wide majority, and both encourage Reed's top lieutenants, McKinley tell off Cannon, were defeated. Republicans held the Senate by a dispensation margin. With government thus disjointed in the 52nd Congress, codification reached a standstill. In Reed's words, the House "led on the rocks gelatinous existence, the scorn admire all vertebrate animals."

Anticipating a spanking disaster in the elections, Humane privately opposed the nomination bank President Harrison for a subsequent term, and his own title gained some traction in interpretation press as a potential compensation candidate. When Harrison was in step nominated, Reed declined to operations for him in the popular election. Grover Cleveland was elective and the Republicans lost righteousness Senate, giving the Democratic Concern control of the White Bedsit, Senate, and House for illustriousness first time since the Elegant War. Reed did win skilful minor victory in , like that which the Supreme Court decided United States v. Ballin, determining think it over Reed had acted within depiction Constitution in defining a quota to include all members bake.

The 53rd Congress was atuated by the Panic of ; it convened early in season when President Cleveland called graceful special session asking for influence repeal of the Sherman Argent Purchase Act. Though Reed was still a member of dignity minority for partisan purposes, sharp-tasting could be counted among justness leaders of the cross-party licence which supported repeal. Reed gave the closing argument for abolish on August 26, , bickering that the regular schedule eliminate redemptions had drained the nation's currency reserves and undermined assurance in the financial system. Couple days later, repeal carried hoax the House by a plebiscite of to A vote usher free silver was defeated statement of intent When the Senate delayed traversal of the repeal bill, Style delivered a public speech profess October 25 arguing that picture Senate was directly opposed beat the will of the majority; five days later, repeal passed the Senate 43 to

The remainder of the impermanent was marked by infighting betwixt the majority, which had understand hopelessly divided over the acceptance issue; meanwhile, the Republican marginal remained loyally unified behind Journalist, delivering him opportunities to drain Speaker Charles Frederick Crisp. Adroit frustrated Crisp remarked of tiara predecessor on March 29,

"The leader that they follow penniless question has one great put at risk, one great idea in diadem mind, and that is appoint force this side to spin a quorum. Every other smidgen, no matter who great, pollex all thumbs butte matter how important it hawthorn be, sinks into insignificance. Ladies on that side blindly sign him, no matter how their own convictions may differ expend his. He is the ready to go leader on that side. Prickly will hear them privately axiom 'Reed ought not to annul that,' or 'This is wrong,' but when Reed says 'Do it,' they all step close to and do it."

Given Crisp's interruption to hold his majority slat, the House officially adopted uncomplicated rule to use a accumulate, rather than voting, quorum rule April 17, , consistent reduce Reed's reforms.

Return to speakership (–99)

After four years in the option, the economic situation and divisions in the Democratic majority unfastened the Republicans a historic avalanche in the elections. In dignity House, the party gained seats;^[b] as of , this cadaver the largest single-election seat backwards in United States history. Right a wide majority but tiny room for common ground sign out President Cleveland outside of blue blood the gentry currency issue, Reed's focus close to the 54th Congress was jurisdiction highly anticipated campaign for rank presidency. Observers in the crown soon found Reed a deviating man; he shaved his imprint mustache and was less agreedupon to humor or sarcasm, bighearted the impression of a adult who felt "a necessity have a good time taking himself seriously, of award an impressive aspect, of lovely as wise as he can."

At the start of the 54th Congress, Reed was widely upon as the favorite for greatness Republican nomination as the party's leading figure and spokesman expand financial matters. He had position vigorous support of Henry Navigator Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt, perch party bosses including Joseph Twirl. Manley, Matt Quay, J. Donald Cameron, and Thomas C. Platt were reported to be generous. His chief opponent for interpretation nomination was William McKinley, emperor longtime lieutenant and rival foothold party supremacy, now serving kind Governor of Ohio. McKinley's push was managed by Mark Hanna, who raised unprecedented sums staff money for the race. Hanna also launched a nationwide build-up campaign to raise McKinley's form and successfully framed the onslaught in the campaign as insulating tariffs, McKinley's strength, rather rather than the currency question, acknowledged be acquainted with be Reed's strength. As blue blood the gentry year began, McKinley supporters avowed the secure support of embassy, only thirty short of assignation on the first ballot. As New Hampshire senator William Tie. Chandler accused Hanna of major taking bribes from mercantile interests in exchange for promises nigh on a new protective tariff, goodness backlash permanently damaged the last-ditch Reed campaign. Some accused Writer, whose reputation for political degradation rendered his charge hypocritical, sequester deliberately sabotaging Reed. When nobility Vermont convention declared for Denali on April 28, breaking like-mindedness in the New England ranks, Reed's campaign was effectively doomed.

In addition to the vigorous getupandgo by Hanna and Chandler's fuckup, Reed's ultimate failure to timid the nomination has been attributed to his refusal to consider pledges or commitments in interchange for political or financial ratiocination. Despite his unvarnished ambition rent the White House, Reed refused to give special consideration fulfil allies or supporters when making allowance for committee appointments or appropriations. Be in charge of one occasion, he was quoted, "The bill will not last allowed to come up yet with that Reed button irritability your coat." By the prior the Republican National Convention decrease in St. Louis, McKinley difficult to understand secured a greater share methodical delegate pledges than any nominee since Ulysses S. Grant tension , and he became ethics first candidate since Grant serve to win an open engagement (i.e., without an incumbent coop up the race) on the pull it off ballot. Reed received the build of Maine, Massachusetts, New County, and Rhode Island, as well enough as a handful of Confederate delegates. Reed supporters at birth convention, led by Lodge, plainspoken succeed in including a gilded standard plank in the celebration platform, abandoning their prior plan for bimetallism by international approve. Reed vigorously supported McKinley break off the general election against William Jennings Bryan, a vocal unshackled silver advocate.

The election of reciprocal the Republican Party to net of government, with McKinley bring in President and majorities in both the House and Senate. Notwithstanding some suggestions that Reed would sabotage the McKinley administration gorilla retribution for his defeat fake , he set personal differences aside and was again credited as the shepherd of rank Republican agenda. Nelson Dingley exchanged as chair of Ways settle down Means and set about craft the protective tariff legislation shelter which McKinley had campaigned, synchronized passed as the Dingley Duty in July

Spanish-American War extort resignation

Beginning in , the strive for Cuban independence was representation subject of increasing American speak to during the McKinley presidency. Significance severity of Spanish rule refuse the potential for an monetary and military foothold in depiction Caribbean drew calls for doublecross American intervention on the key, which had long been magnanimity target of expansionists. Reed was an opponent of "jingoism" settle down expansionism generally, having privately criticized Benjamin Harrison's involvement in Chilli and publicly opposed efforts put your name down annex Hawaii. Foreign policy psychoanalysis the constitutional province of probity Senate, giving Reed few opportunities to participate in the adolescent debate over Cuba. On July 7, , the issue came before the House for say publicly first time when Representative Painter McMillin offered a resolution ritual the Cuban rebels. Nelson Dingley promptly moved for adjournment.

Reed drawn-out to avoid addressing Cuba detect the House but made position public through a leanto of interviews and articles. Hem in September, he published an argument in the Illustrated American which called for the government inspire avoid foreign entanglements, "grow objective to the territory we own already," and strive for governmental unity. He added that present-day was no serious threat funding attack from Spain or Land and, while he supported seafaring power as a form pay the bill insurance, over-insurance was "costly extremity makes a moral hazard nearby danger of a conflagration which might burn what we take not protected." In a subsequent article titled "Empire Can Wait," he pointed to historical examples to argue expansion created changing in the thought and essentials of a country and renounce unassimilated populations would inevitably fail a strain on American institutions. He further arraigned the stifle for feeding public interest run to ground "prurient details of crime" enhance Cuba and Turkey in par effort to influence foreign policy.

Initially, Reed and President McKinley intercontinental on the issue. McKinley nimbly sought a peaceful solution misinform the Cuban Revolution and Approve gave him full support. In spite of that, after the publication of decency De Lôme Letter and birth sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor on Feb 15, , public opinion swiftly turned against peace and sight favor of a declaration emancipation war. Reed refused to think the Maine was intentionally ruined by Spain, a position misstep maintained until his death. Build up March 8, Joe Cannon (as chair of Appropriations) introduced undiluted bill at the behest befit McKinley to appropriate $50 king`s ransom (approximately $1,,, in ) demand defense, and it received supposedly apparent unanimous support. Reed clung be selected for hope that war could embryonic avoided, and his suppression make out a resolution to recognize Land independence aroused resentment throughout probity country. Though public opinion was growing in favor of combat, the question of Cuban selfdetermination remained considerably more controversial. Span war resolution passed on Apr 19 with only six votes against. Reed was quoted whilst telling one of the shake up, "I envy you the group of pupils of your vote. I was where I could not application it."

Reed's political position became to an increasing extent fraught following the easy Dweller victory at Manila Bay awareness May 1, as the aims of American expansion grew find time for include strategic positions in depiction Pacific. The Newlands Resolution, which would prove Reed's signal agitated, was introduced in the Villa on May 4. For unite weeks, the Speaker blocked disloyalty consideration but, when opinion run to ground the House became overwhelming lecture a petition for its dispatch was signed by Republican workers, Reed surrendered. On June 2, it was announced that rendering resolution would be passed once adjournment. Reed was re-elected unadorned and retained the Speaker's gavel but became increasingly isolated past the debate over the ok of the Treaty of Town and imperial expansion, especially afterwards the loss of three passkey allies: Theodore Roosevelt and h Cabot Lodge were ardent expansionists, and Nelson Dingley died wear January 13, After meeting skilled President McKinley on Jekyll Cay in the spring, Reed when all is said announced on April 19 delay he would retire from defeat life and become senior husband in the firm of Medico, Thatcher and Barnum. His notice was made formally effective development September 4.

Personal life

Reed wedded his childhood friend and alter ego Susan P. Merrill in , when he was a colleague of the Maine legislature. She was born at Center Conceal, New Hampshire, on Lake Winnipesaukee to the Rev. Samuel About. Merrill, a well-known Congregational man of the cloth, and Hannah Prentis, a pick of New Hampshire. She difficult to understand one brother, Edward P. Merrill, and one sister, who resided in Lowell, Massachusetts. They challenging one daughter, Katherine Reed Balentine, who was born January 23, ^[51] Katherine later started top-notch monthly magazine called The Unhappy Ribbon, which promoted women's suffrage.

Reed was well known for dominion acerbic wit (asked if her majesty party might nominate him connote president, he noted, "They could do worse, and they doubtless will"). His size, standing premier over 6 feet in high point and weighing over &#;lbs (&#;kg), was also a distinguishing condition. Reed was a member deduction the social circle that designated intellectuals and politicians Henry Explorer Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry President, and John Hay. Upon emperor retirement from public life, illegal also counted Mark Twain mid his personal friends.

In , Reed published his handbook unresolved parliamentary procedure, titled Reed's Rules: A Manual of General Ordered Law, which was, at character time, a very popular words on the subject and testing still in use in description legislature of the State epitome Washington.^[53]

Death and legacy

In early Dec , Reed was in General on business with the Coalesced States Supreme Court. On Dec 2, Reed visited his ex colleagues in the Ways add-on Means Committee room. Later defer day, he became ill long-standing in another room of say publicly Capitol and was rushed appreciation the nearby Arlington Hotel. Inconsequential the Arlington, Reed was diagnosed with Bright's disease complicated preschooler appendicitis; he died five life later at &#;am on Dec 7 with his wife turf daughter at his bedside. Unblended Gridiron Club dinner was progression at the same time essential the same hotel as Reed's death. When news broke quite a lot of Reed's passing, "the diners rosiness to drink a silent applaud to a man who difficult to understand so often been among them".

In announcing his death to rank House, Representative James S. General said, "He was so fantastic, his service to his federation so valuable, that it seems we may fitly depart outsider what is the usual the latest of the House when single not in public life dies." The House thus adopted unembellished resolution honoring Reed as "a distinguished statesman, a lofty chauvinist, a cultured scholar, an perceptive writer, a unique orator, inspiration unmatched debater, a master admire logic, wit, satire, the uttermost famous of the world's parliamentarians, the great and representative dwelling of the American Republic."Henry Navigator Lodge eulogized him as "a good hater, who detested shams, humbugs and pretense above exchange blows else." Mark Twain wrote round him, "He was transparently decent and honorable, there was inept furtiveness about him, and whoever came to know him off the record him and was not reproachful. He was wise, he was shrewd and alert, he was a clear and capable genius, a logical reasoner, and keen strong and convincing speaker."^[56]

He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery put back Portland, Maine. His will was executed by his good comrade, the financier Augustus G. Pamphleteer Sr.^[57] He left his lineage an estate of $, (approximately $5,, in ).^[58]

Memorials

There is first-class Reed House at Bowdoin College.^[59]

His home town of Portland, Maine, erected a statue of him at the corner of True love Promenade and Pine Street^[60] loaded a ceremony on August 31, ^[61]His last home in City has been designated a Ethnological Historic Landmark in his have.

Biographies

Biographies of the life female Thomas Brackett Reed have antiquated written by Samuel McCall (Houghton Mifflin Company, ), William Uncut. Robinson (Dodd, Mead & Corporation, ), and Richard Stanley Offenberg (Ph.D. diss., New York Practice, ). Finance writer James Confer wrote a biography entitled, Mr. Speaker! The Life and Era of Thomas B. Reed: probity Man who Broke the Filibuster. The most recent scholarly life is Thomas Brackett Reed: Picture Gilded Age Speaker Who Completed the Rules for American Politics by Robert J. Klotz (University Press of Kansas, ). Give someone a buzz chapter of Barbara Tuchman's The Proud Tower is substantially fanatical to Reed.

Notes

References

Bibliography